Library

Portrait of Spartan admiral Lysander in bronze cuirass on a warship deck

Lysander: Too Powerful for Sparta

Lysander won the longest war in Greek history by doing everything Sparta's system told him he should not do. He befriended a Persian prince, built a navy on foreign gold,...

Lysander: Too Powerful for Sparta

Lysander won the longest war in Greek history by doing everything Sparta's system told him he should not do. He befriended a Persian prince, built a navy on foreign gold,...

Close-up of a clay bowl of dark Spartan black broth with steam and barley bread

Black Broth — Why Spartans Didn't Fear Death

Every Spartan citizen ate the same meal at the same table every night. Black broth: pork cooked in its own blood with vinegar and salt. Each man contributed a fixed...

Black Broth — Why Spartans Didn't Fear Death

Every Spartan citizen ate the same meal at the same table every night. Black broth: pork cooked in its own blood with vinegar and salt. Each man contributed a fixed...

Close-up of a battered Spartan aspis with a faded lambda device on bronze

The Spartan Shield — Come Home With It, Or On It

The Spartan aspis (shield) weighed between 7 and 8 kilograms. It was constructed from wood, faced with hammered bronze, and marked with a lambda for Lacedaemon. Every other Greek hoplite...

The Spartan Shield — Come Home With It, Or On It

The Spartan aspis (shield) weighed between 7 and 8 kilograms. It was constructed from wood, faced with hammered bronze, and marked with a lambda for Lacedaemon. Every other Greek hoplite...

Spartan hoplite falling backward as Theban shields crash into the Spartan line

The Battle of Leuctra: Sparta's First Defeat

In 371 BC, the Theban general Epaminondas did what nobody in Greece thought possible. He broke a Spartan army in open battle. He killed their king. He destroyed roughly 400...

The Battle of Leuctra: Sparta's First Defeat

In 371 BC, the Theban general Epaminondas did what nobody in Greece thought possible. He broke a Spartan army in open battle. He killed their king. He destroyed roughly 400...

Close-up portrait of a Spartan queen with dark braided hair and bronze fibulae

Gorgo of Sparta — The Queen Of Secret Messages

Gorgo was the daughter of one Spartan king and the wife of another. She warned her father about a foreign bribe when she was eight years old. She scraped wax...

Gorgo of Sparta — The Queen Of Secret Messages

Gorgo was the daughter of one Spartan king and the wife of another. She warned her father about a foreign bribe when she was eight years old. She scraped wax...

Young Spartan crouching in moonlit olive grove gripping a dagger, alone in the Messenian countryside at night

The Crypteia: Sparta's Secret War on Its Own Pe...

Every year, the Spartan ephors formally declared war on the helots. Then they sent teenagers into the Messenian countryside with daggers and no armour. Plutarch says they killed any helot...

The Crypteia: Sparta's Secret War on Its Own Pe...

Every year, the Spartan ephors formally declared war on the helots. Then they sent teenagers into the Messenian countryside with daggers and no armour. Plutarch says they killed any helot...